The theory in development studies and cosmopolitanism that different parts of the world experienced modernity in their own fashion and at their own time. This theory is especially prominent in China and Brazil, where it is argued that modernity means something quite specific and different from modernity as experienced elsewhere. Jameson, Fredric argues very strongly against this viewpoint in A Singular Modernity (2002), suggesting that modernity is in reality a codeword for the advent of capitalism and that this was a global phenomenon.