power

In The History of Sexuality (1976) Michel Foucault proposed that sex cannot be understood in isolation from power because it is subject to a variety of controlling and regulating discourse, but, that having been said, power cannot be understood purely in terms of repression. Clarifying his thinking about power, Foucault said he did not mean a group of institutions and mechanisms designed to ensure the subservience of subjects. Similarly, he did not see it as a general system of domination exerted by one group over another. Sovereignty, the rule of law, and domination are, he says, only the terminal states power takes, and do not constitute useful starting points for thinking about power, Rather, he said, power has to be understood as a form of positivity, a productive force in its own right, one that takes the form of a multiplicity of force relations immanent in a particular context in which they operate. Power is everywhere, Foucault famously said, not because it is invincible, but because it is produced from one moment to the next and comes from everywhere. Foucault offered five propositions in support of this way of seeing power: (1) power cannot be acquired or shared; it is exercised from innumerable points and always in the interplay of relations; (2) relations of power are not exterior to other types of relationships, but immanent in them; (3) power comes from below---domination is a hegemony effect; (4) power relations are both intentional and non-subjective; and (5) where there is power, there is resistance.