A set of practices, usually of a ritual or symbolic nature, which seek to inculcate values and norms of behaviour by repetition, e.g., saluting the flag before class. These practices seek to establish continuity between an uncertain present and a carefully circumscribed image of the past. This past is often as much of an invention as the tradition associated with it. The invented tradition has every appearance of being an actual tradition, in that it repeats images and symbols drawn from the past (real or imagined), but is in fact both of a relatively recent origin and artificially created. British historian Hobsbawm, Eric identified this phenomenon in a collection of essays he edited with Terence Ranger, The Invention of Tradition (1983). Hobsbawm suggests that invented traditions serve three purposes: they help to establish social cohesion; they legitimize institutions and relations of authority; and they concretize beliefs and value systems. One of the most striking examples of an invented tradition adduced in this collection is Scottish tartan---the colourful clan tartans tourists purchase along the Royal Mile in Edinburgh are in fact an early nineteenth-century invention, not the ancient tradition they appear to be. Hobsbawmâs point, however, is not to mock such deceptions, but to highlight the glocalization importance of the perception of continuity with the past.